Ancient Olympia
The See Greece travel guide to Ancient Olympia in the Peloponnese of mainland Greece, home to the original Olympic Games.
Olympia attracted athletes and spectators from all over Greece to take part in the Olympic Games, which were held every four years without interruption for over 1,000 years.
History of Ancient Olympia
The games were first officially held at Olympia in the Peloponnese in 776BC and contests ranged from chariot races to poetry and music, but it is the running track here which is the site’s greatest attraction to many of today’s visitors. Temples and other buildings may have crumbled, but the simple running track with its starting and finishing lines still intact seems to put us in more direct touch with the Ancient Greeks as people just like us.
Entering the Stadium
Walking down the entry tunnel and under an arch that dates back to the 3rd century BC takes you right into the stadium itself. Stand in the centre of the stadium, which was built in the 4th century BC, and it is easy to imagine the 20,000 spectators sitting all around and cheering the contestants on. Their prize for the winners was traditionally a branch from a sacred olive tree, but perks from their home towns were certainly also available.
Lighting the Olympic Torch
This is the stadium where the Olympic torch is lit every four years and then carried around the world to the host city of the next Olympics.
There is much more of interest at the site than simply the stadium, however. It’s surprising how large the site is, a reminder that it was the ancient equivalent of modern Olympic villages, catering for the arrival of thousands of competitors, and their entourages.
Great Temple of Zeus
The remains of the Great Temple of Zeus (5th century BC) show the effects of an earthquake in the 5th century AD which threw its columns to the ground. It was the centre of the site and the same size as the Parthenon in Athens, giving an indication of its importance.
At the opposite end of the scale is the studio of the sculptor Pheidias, who worked here on making the statue of Zeus for the temple. Pheidias is also the man who was behind the work on the Parthenon in Athens. Across from the studio is the Leonidaion, which is the guesthouse where VIPs would stay.
Behind this is the Bouleuterion, which was a meeting house where the equivalent of today’s International Olympic Committee would hold their meetings. It’s also where the competitors would swear to uphold the Olympic rules, before making their way into the stadium.
Ancient Olympia Site Museum
A cup inscribed with the name of Pheidias was found on the site and is on display in the excellent site museum, which rivals museums in places like Athens and Delphi. It was the cup which helped archaeologists identify the location of the workshop, and tools from there are also on display. There are also well-lit displays of some fine statues, as well as bronze heads, helmets and a gallery of items directly connected with the Olympic Games. These include a bronze discus, stones used by weightlifters and some starting blocks which pre-date the existing stadium.
The star attraction in the museum is the Hermes of Praxiteles, a glorious marble carving of the messenger of the gods, sculpted by Praxiteles and considered to be one of the finest Classical statues to have survived the centuries.
The Pentathlon
One of the most important events at the original Olympic Games was the pentathlon, which was added to the list of events in 708BC. It combined discus, javelin, jumping, running, and wrestling. The exact order in which the events were held is unknown, but ancient texts reveal that wrestling was always the last in the line-up.
The ultimate victor needed to excel in speed, strength, skill, and endurance, accounting for each event’s own peculiarities.
For the discus throw, the athlete stood facing the opposite direction of his intended target (a delineated area of 40-60 degrees) holding the discus along the outer edge with the tips of his fingers. He then quickly rotated through 540 degrees and released it, flinging it as far as possible into the marked area.
The javelin was made of wood with a metal tip, and had a leather handle attached in the middle for increased accuracy.
For the long jump, the Olympians used lead ot stone weights, called halteres, to help lengthen their jump. By swinging the halteres backward in mid-jump, the shift of momentum carried them further.
The fundamentals of running were very much the same for the ancient athletes as they are today, but the foot events weren’t always so streamlined. The hoplitodromos, for example, required the competitors to race in military armour that weighed about 40-60 pounds (18-27 kg).
Ancient wrestling, too, was somewhat similar to today, except that the men were naked. Biting and genital grabbing were not allowed, although the competitors did try to give themselves a strategic edge by coating themselves in lard.
Ancient Olympia was made a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1989 and you can learn more on the UNESCO website.
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